Section 1: C++ Basics

This section covers the essentials of C++ programming, setting a strong foundation for more complex topics.

• Variables and Data Types: You’ll start by understanding the different types of data C++ handles, such as integers, floats, characters, and booleans. Questions will focus on declaring variables, understanding the limits of each data type, and working with type conversion.

• Operators and Expressions: Here, you’ll cover arithmetic, logical, bitwise, and relational operators. Questions test your knowledge of performing calculations, evaluating expressions, and understanding operator precedence.

• Control Statements: This topic covers if, else, switch, and conditional statements used to control program flow. You’ll practice making decisions in code, applying logical operators, and working with nested conditions.

• Loops: Loops are essential for executing repetitive tasks. You’ll focus on for, while, and do-while loops, and questions will cover loop initialization, iteration, and termination conditions.

• Arrays and Strings: Arrays and strings store sequences of data. Questions focus on declaring arrays, accessing elements, basic string manipulation, and understanding array boundaries.

• Functions and Parameter Passing: Functions help break down code into manageable parts. Questions will cover function definition, calling functions, and understanding the difference between pass-by-value and pass-by-reference.

Section 2: Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) in C++

This section introduces you to C++’s object-oriented programming capabilities, the backbone of C++ applications.

• Classes and Objects: Learn to define classes, create objects, and understand their relationship. Questions will cover setting properties, defining member functions, and understanding encapsulation.

• Constructors and Destructors: Constructors initialize objects, while destructors clean up resources. Questions will focus on defining constructors, understanding constructor overloading, and the role of destructors.

• Inheritance and Access Specifiers: Inheritance allows classes to derive properties from other classes. You’ll explore different types of inheritance, like single and multiple inheritance, and understand public, private, and protected access specifiers.

• Polymorphism and Virtual Functions: Polymorphism enables one interface to handle multiple data types. You’ll learn about runtime polymorphism, working with base and derived classes, and using virtual functions.

• Abstract Classes and Interfaces: Abstract classes provide a blueprint for other classes. You’ll focus on defining pure virtual functions and understanding when to use abstract classes over concrete classes.

• Operator Overloading: C++ allows custom behavior for operators. You’ll cover overloading operators like +, -, *, and assignment operators, practicing when and why to use operator overloading.

Section 3: Advanced Programming Techniques

This section delves into advanced C++ constructs that enable efficient and flexible coding.

• Templates (Function and Class Templates): Templates allow generic programming, enabling code that works with any data type. You’ll cover function templates and class templates, focusing on how templates can simplify code and improve reusability.

• Namespaces: Namespaces help prevent naming conflicts in large programs. You’ll practice defining namespaces, using the std namespace, and creating custom namespaces to organize code.

• Exception Handling: Exceptions handle runtime errors, helping programs run smoothly. You’ll cover try, catch, and throw, exploring how exceptions improve error management and provide better control over error-prone code.

• Standard Library Basics: C++ provides powerful libraries for common tasks. You’ll focus on core libraries like iostream for input/output, vector for dynamic arrays, and string for string manipulation, understanding how these libraries save time and simplify code.

• Type Casting and Conversion: C++ allows both implicit and explicit type casting. You’ll learn when type conversion is automatic and how to use static_cast, dynamic_cast, and other casting operators for precision in data handling.

Section 4: Memory Management in C++

C++ gives direct control over memory, an important skill for efficient programming.

• Pointers and References: Pointers point to memory addresses, and references provide aliases for variables. You’ll practice using pointers for memory management, understanding dereferencing, and avoiding null pointer issues.

• Dynamic Memory Allocation: Using new and delete, C++ allows manual memory allocation. Questions cover dynamic arrays, memory allocation for large data structures, and how to prevent memory leaks.

• Smart Pointers: Smart pointers, like unique_ptr, shared_ptr, and weak_ptr, manage memory automatically. You’ll understand how each smart pointer type works and why they’re essential in modern C++ for safe resource management.

• Memory Leaks and Prevention: Memory leaks can degrade program performance. You’ll explore causes of memory leaks and learn best practices to prevent them, such as using smart pointers and deallocating memory properly.

• Pointer Arithmetic and Safety: With pointers, you can directly access and manipulate memory. Questions focus on pointer arithmetic, understanding how pointer addresses shift, and practicing safe memory access to avoid crashes.

Section 5: Advanced Programming Concepts

This section focuses on more specialized and powerful programming techniques.

• Exception Handling and Error Management: This topic builds on earlier exception handling, focusing on more complex scenarios. You’ll explore handling multiple exceptions, chaining exceptions, and creating custom exception classes.

• File Handling: Reading from and writing to files is crucial for many applications. Questions cover using ifstream and ofstream to open files, handle file streams, and process data stored externally.

• Operator Overloading: Operator overloading lets you customize operators for classes. You’ll learn to overload arithmetic operators for complex data structures, giving custom classes more intuitive behavior.

• Type Casting and Conversion: Building on earlier material, you’ll examine different casting operators like const_cast, reinterpret_cast, and dynamic_cast, practicing precise control over data type conversions.

Section 6: Modern C++ and Multithreading

This final section introduces some of the most powerful and modern features of C++.

• Smart Pointers and Resource Management: Smart pointers automate memory management, a must-have in modern C++ development. You’ll dive into the specifics of unique_ptr, shared_ptr, and weak_ptr, learning how each manages resource ownership and prevents memory leaks.

• Lambda Expressions: Lambdas offer a way to create short, inline functions. Questions cover syntax and use cases for lambdas, such as passing lambdas as function arguments and capturing variables in lambda expressions.

• Move Semantics and Rvalue References: Move semantics enhance performance by minimizing unnecessary copying. You’ll focus on move constructors and move assignment operators, practicing when to use std::move to optimize resource management.

• Standard Template Library (STL): The STL is a powerful library of data structures and algorithms. You’ll explore essential STL components, like vector, map, set, and algorithms like sort, practicing how to use them to simplify code.

• Multithreading: Multithreading allows programs to execute multiple tasks concurrently. You’ll cover std::thread for creating threads, std::mutex for managing shared resources, and techniques for synchronizing threads to avoid data races and deadlocks.